<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pravo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Правоприменение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Law Enforcement Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-1514</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4050</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dostoevsky Omsk State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52468/2542-1514.2025.9(2).67-76</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pravo-1088</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ НОРМ ПРАВА ОРГАНАМИ ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНОГО СЛЕДСТВИЯ И ДОЗНАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE LAW ENFORCEMENT BY THE BODIES OF PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION AND INQUIRY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Социальные последствия и цена преступности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Social consequences and the cost of crime</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клейменов</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleymenov</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Клейменов Михаил Петрович – доктор юридических наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, заведующий кафедрой уголовного права и криминологии</p><p>644077, Омск, пр. Мира, 55а</p><p>AuthorID: 596245 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail P. Kleymenov – Doctor of Law, Professor, Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation; Head, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology </p><p>55a, Mira pr., Omsk, 644077</p><p>AuthorID: 596245 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">klim798@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клейменов</surname><given-names>И. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleymenov</surname><given-names>I. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Клейменов Иван Михайлович – доктор юридических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры уголовного права</p><p>197046,г. Санкт-Петербург, Александровский парк, 5</p><p>AuthorID: 343510 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan М. Kleymenov – Doctor of Law, Associate Professor; Professor, Department of Criminal Law</p><p>5, Aleksandrovskii park, St. Petersburg, 197046</p><p>AuthorID: 343510 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">piligrim111@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Омский государственный университет им. Ф.М. Достоевского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Dostoevsky Omsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный филиал Российского государственного университета правосудия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Western Branch of the Russian State University of Justice</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Клейменов М.П., Клейменов И.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Клейменов М.П., Клейменов И.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kleymenov M.P., Kleymenov I.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://enforcement.omsu.ru/jour/article/view/1088">https://enforcement.omsu.ru/jour/article/view/1088</self-uri><abstract><p>Утверждается, что социальные последствия преступности целесообразно рассматривать в двух аспектах: статическом и динамическом. В статическом плане социальные последствия преступности дифференцируются на медицинские, демографические, социально-психологические, экологические, биологические, культурологические, юридические, политические и экономические. Экономические последствия имеют стоимостное выражение, поэтому они и есть цена преступности. Динамический аспект социальных последствий преступности познаётся через феномен криминализации общественных отношений, конечным итогом которой является тотальное разрушение государства. Делается вывод, что в настоящее время наиболее актуально изучение экономических последствий преступности, что и является ее измеряемой ценой. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The subject. The social consequences and the price of crime are a little-studied problem in the domestic science of criminology. Meanwhile, her research is of great theoretical and practical importance. From a theoretical point of view, it is important to identify and characterize possible types of harm in all spheres of public relations without exception. This will expand the scientific boundaries of criminology. In practical terms, a description of the economic parameters of the consequences of crime is necessary to determine the real budget of the bodies directly and indirectly involved in countering criminal activity.The purpose of the article is to outline the contours of a monographic in-depth study of the social consequences and the price of crime.Methodology. Dialectical and systematic approaches, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, sociological, statistical and comparative methods are used. Main results and conclusions. It is advisable to consider the social consequences of crime in two aspects: static and dynamic. They stand out statically, medical, demographic, sociopsychological, environmental, biological, cultural, legal, political and economic consequences of crime. Economic consequences have a value expression, so they are the price of crime. The dynamic aspect of the social consequences of crime is recognized through the phenomenon of criminalization of public relations, the final result of which is the total destruction of the state. It is concluded that currently the most relevant is the study of the economic consequences of crime, which is its measurable price. Artificial intelligence and Big Data should be used for this.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Преступность</kwd><kwd>социальные последствия</kwd><kwd>цена преступности</kwd><kwd>виды последствий преступности</kwd><kwd>криминализация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Crime</kwd><kwd>social consequences</kwd><kwd>the cost of crime</kwd><kwd>types of consequences of crime</kwd><kwd>criminalization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быков Л. Л. Вопросы методологии учета и анализа общественно опасных последствий преступности / Л. Л. Быков // Вопросы борьбы с преступностью. – М. : Юридическая литература, 1978. – Вып. 29. – С. 25–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykov L.L. Issues of methodology for accounting and analysis of socially dangerous consequences of crime, in: Voprosy bor'by s prestupnost'yu, Moscow, Yuridicheskaya literatura Publ., 1978, iss. 29, pp. 25–35. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабаев М. М. Социальные последствия преступности : учеб. пособие / М. М. Бабаев. – М. : Акад. МВД СССР, 1982. – 82 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babaev M.M. Social consequences of crime, Teaching aid. Moscow, Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Publ., 1982. 82 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быков Ю. М. Социальные последствия мошенничества в сфере страхования / Ю. М. Быков // Российский следователь. – 2005. – № 9. – С. 39–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykov Yu.M. Social consequences of fraud in the insurance sector. Rossiiskii sledovatel’ = Russian investigator, 2005, no. 9, pp. 39–42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Староверова О. В. Теория и методология криминологического исследования социально-правовых последствий налоговой преступности / О. В. Староверова. – М. : Юнити-Дана, 2006. – 233 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staroverova O.V. Theory and methodology of criminological research of the social and legal consequences of tax crime. Moscow, Yuniti-Dana Publ., 2006. 233 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Квашис В. «Цена» преступности как криминологическая проблема / В. Квашис // Уголовное право. – 2008. – № 6. – С. 92–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kvashis V. "The cost" of crime as a criminological problem. Ugolovnoe pravo = Criminal law, 2008, no. 6, pp. 92–102. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабаев М. М. Цена преступности: проблемы теории и практики / М. М. Бабаев, В. Е. Квашис // Российский криминологический взгляд. – 2009. – № 2. – С. 246–259.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babaev M.M., Kvashis V.E. The price of crime: problems of theory and practice. Rossiiskii kriminologicheskii vzglyad = Russian criminological view, 2009, no. 2, pp. 246–259. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лунеев В. В. Социальные последствия, жертвы и цена преступности / В. В. Лунеев // Государство и право. – 2009. – № 1. – С. 35–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luneev V.V. Social consequences, victims and the price of crime. Gosudarstvo i pravo = State and law, 2009, no. 1, pp. 35–56. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьева O. P. Социальные последствия и цена преступности / O. P. Афанасьева, М. М. Бабаев. – М. : ВНИИ МВД России, 2012. – 125 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanas’eva O.P., Babaev M.M. Social consequences and the price of crime. Moscow, Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Publ., 2012. 125 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьева О. Р. Цена преступности и проблемы ее исчисления / О. Р. Афанасьева // Проблемы укрепления законности и правопорядка: наука, практика, тенденции. – 2012. – № 5. – С. 9–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanasyeva O.R. The price of crime and the problems of its calculation. Problemy ukrepleniya zakonnosty i pravoporyadka: nauka, praktika, tendentsii = Problems of strengthening law and order: science, practice, trends, 2012, no. 5, pp. 9–16. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долотов Р. О. Цена преступности как криминологический показатель: некоторые криминологические аспекты / Р. О. Долотов // Криминологический журнал Байкальского государственного университета экономики и права. – 2012. – № 3. – С. 15–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolotov R.O. The price of crime as a criminological indicator: some criminological aspects. Kriminologicheskii zhurnal Baikal’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta ekonomiki i prava = Criminological journal of Baikal State University of Economics and Law, 2012, no. 3, pp. 15–21. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сабитов Р. А. Криминологические проблемы исследования последствий преступности / Р. А. Сабитов // Юридическая наука и правоприменительная практика. – 2014. – № 4. – С. 76–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sabitov R.A. Criminological problems of investigating the consequences of crime. Yuridicheskaya nauka i pravoprimenitel’naya praktika = Legal science and law enforcement practice, 2014, no. 4, pp. 76–81. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ищук Я. Г. «Цена» преступности: проблемы исчисления и минимизации / Я. Г. Ищук, К. Е. Севагин // Вестник Казанского юридического института МВД России. – 2020. – № 4. – С. 414–419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishchuk Ya.G., Sevagin K.E. "The price" of crime: problems of calculation and minimization.Vestnik Kazanskogo yuridicheskogo instituta Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossii = Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2020, no. 4, pp. 414–419. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Староверова О. В. «Цена» налоговой преступности : моногр. / О. В. Староверова. – М. : Юнити-Дана, 2006. – 149 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staroverova O.V. “The cost” of tax crime, Monograph. Moscow, Yuniti-Dana Publ., 2006. 149 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лунеев В. В. Курс мировой и российской криминологии : учеб. : в 2 т. / В. В. Лунеев.– М. : Юрайт, 2011. – Т. 1 : Общая часть. – 1003 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luneev V.V. Course of world and Russian criminology, Textbook, in 2 volumes. Moscow, Yurait Publ., 2011. Vol. 1: The general part. 1003 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьева О. Р. Сравнительная характеристика социальных последствий преступности и последствий преступления / О. Р. Афанасьева // Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. – 2012. – № 6. – С. 134–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanasyeva O.R. Comparative characteristics of the social consequences of crime and the consequences of crime. Mezhdunarodnyi nauchno-issledovatel’skii zhurnal = International Scientific Research Journal, 2012, no. 6, pp. 134–136. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьева О. Р. Теоретические основы криминологического исследования и минимизиции социальных последствий насильственной преступности : дис. … д-ра юрид. наук / О. Р. Афанасьева. – М., 2014. – 450 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanas’eva O.R. Theoretical foundations of criminological research and the minimization of the social consequences of violent crime, Doct. Diss. Moscow, 2014. 450 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилевская М. В. Криминологическая характеристика и социальные последствия тяжких преступлений, совершаемых с проявлением жестокости взрослыми в отношении несовершеннолетних : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук / М. В. Данилевская. – М., 1996. – 183 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilevskaya M.V. Criminological characteristics and social consequences of serious crimes committed with the manifestation of cruelty by adults against minors, Cand. Diss. Moscow, 1996. 183 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивасюк О. Н. Преступность в сфере бытовых отношений: социальные последствия и их минимизация : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук / О. Н. Ивасюк. – М., 2007. – 195 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivasyuk O.N. Crime in the sphere of domestic relations: social consequences and their minimization, Cand. Diss. Moscow, 2007. 195 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Титова О. Н. Криминологические аспекты минимизации социальных последствий преступности несовершеннолетних : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук / О. Н. Титова. – М., 2005. – 199 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titova O.N. Criminological aspects of minimizing the social consequences of juvenile delinquency, Cand. Diss. Moscow, 2005. 199 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попандопуло В. В. Преступность несовершеннолетних: состояние, функции, последствия, социальный контроль : автореф. дис. … канд. юрид. наук / В. В. Попандопуло. – Краснодар, 2007. – 23 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popandopulo V.V. Juvenile delinquency: condition, functions, consequences, social control, Cand. Diss. Thesis. Krasnodar, 2007. 23 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратюк Л. В. Криминологическое измерение / Л. В. Кондратюк, В. С. Овчинский. – М. : Норма, 2008. – 271 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratyuk L.V., Ovchinsky V.S. Criminological dimension. Moscow, Norma Publ., 2008. 271 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галицкая Н. В. Государственное регулирование демографической безопасности в России / Н. В. Галицкая // Административное право и процесс. – 2020. – № 3. – С. 20–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galitskaya N.V. State regulation of demographic security in Russia. Administrativnoe pravo i protsess = Administrative law and process, 2020, no. 3, pp. 20–23. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клейменов М. П. Криминальные сериалы современной России / М. П. Клейменов, И. М. Клейменов // Всероссийский криминологический журнал. – 2022. – № 4. – С. 429–438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleimenov M.P., Kleimenov I.M. Criminal serials of modern Russia. Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal = Russian journal of criminology, 2022, no. 4, pp. 429–438. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Губарь А. С. Шикана как особая форма злоупотребления гражданским правом / А. С. Губарь // Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки. – 2012. – № 4. – С. 64–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gubar A.S. Chicane as a special form of abuse of civil law. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Yuridicheskie nauki = Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences, 2012, no. 4, pp. 64–72. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестаков Д. А. Введение в криминологию закона / Д. А. Шестаков. – СПб.: Юридический центр Пресс. 2015. – 92 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakov D.A. Introduction to criminology of the law. St. Petersburg, Yuridicheskii tsentr Press Publ., 2015. 92 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овчинский А. С. Информационные воздействия и организованная преступность. – М. : ИНФРА-М, 2007. – 176 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovchinsky A.S. Information impacts and organized crime. Moscow, INFRA-M Publ., 2007. 176 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spolding F. W. The Cost of Crime / F. W. Spolding // Journal of the American Institute of Criminal. Law and Criminology. – 1910. – No. 1. – P. 86–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spolding F.W. The Cost of Crime. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal. Law and Criminology, 1910, no. 1, pp. 86–102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабаев М. М. Социальные последствия и цена преступности / М. М. Бабаев, В. Е. Квашис // Научный портал МВД России. – 2010. – № 1. – С. 3–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babaev M.M., Kvashis V.E. Social consequences and the price of crime. Nauchnyi portal Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossii = Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2010, no. 1, pp. 3–12. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zedlewski E. W. When Have We Punished Enough? / E. W. Zedlewski // Public Administration Review. – 1985. – Vol. 45. – P. 771–778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zedlewski E.W. When Have We Punished Enough?. Public Administration Review, 1985, vol. 45, pp. 771– 778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen M. A. The Costs and Consequences of Violent Behavior in the United States / M. A. Cohen, T. R. Mille, S. B. Rossman // Understanding and Preventing Violence. – 1994. – Vol. 4. – P. 67–158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen M.A., Mille T.R., Rossman S.B. The Costs and Consequences of Violent Behavior in the United States. Understanding and Preventing Violence, 1994, vol. 4, pp. 67–158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson D. A. The Aggregate Burden of Crime / D. A. Anderson // The Journal of Law and Economics. – 2022. – Vol. 44. – P. 857–885.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson D.A. The Aggregate Burden of Crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 2022, vol. 44, pp. 857– 885.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rizzo M. J. The Cost of Crime in Victims: An Empirical Analasis / M. J. Rizzo // The Journal of Legal Studies. – 1979. – Vol. 8. – P. 177–205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rizzo M.J. The Cost of Crime in Victims: An Empirical Analasis. The Journal of Legal Studies, 1979, vol. 8, pp. 177–205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прозументов Л. М. Криминализация и декриминализация деяний / Л. М. Прозументов. – Томск : Издво Том. ун-та, 2012. – 142 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prozumentov L.M. Criminalization and decriminalization of acts. Tomsk, Tomsk University Publ., 2012. 142 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клейменов И. М. Криминализация общественных отношений / И. М. Клейменов // Вестник Омского университета. Серия «Право». – 2013. – № 3. – С. 200–207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleimenov I.M. Criminalization of public relations. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya «Pravo» = Herald of Omsk University. Series “Law”, 2013, no. 3, pp. 200–207. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
