<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pravo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Правоприменение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Law Enforcement Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-1514</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4050</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dostoevsky Omsk State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52468/2542-1514.2025.9(4).58-67</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pravo-1172</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ НОРМ ПРАВА ОРГАНАМИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ВЛАСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE LAW ENFORCEMENT BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Конституционно-правовой спор о посмертной репродукции: презумпция согласия или несогласия?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Constitutional-legal dispute on posthumous reproduction: presumption of consent or disagreement?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-8719</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Третьяк</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tretiak</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Третьяк Ирина Александровна – кандидат юридических наук, доцент департамента публичного права</p><p>101000, г. Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20</p><p>ResearcherID: AAY-6218-2021</p><p>AuthorID: 762457</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Tretiak – PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Public Law Department</p><p>20, Myasnitskaya ul., Moscow, 101000</p><p>ResearcherID: AAY-6218-2021</p><p>AuthorID: 762457</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">itretiak@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">HSE University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Третьяк И.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Третьяк И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tretiak I.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://enforcement.omsu.ru/jour/article/view/1172">https://enforcement.omsu.ru/jour/article/view/1172</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассматриваются различные аспекты правового регулирования технологий криоконсервации генетического материала и посмертной репродукции, а также анализируется решение Конституционного Суда РФ от 11 февраля 2025 г. по данному вопросу. Автор приходит к выводу, что необходимо на законодательном уровне установить презумпцию согласия или несогласия лица на посмертную репродукцию, отсутствие которой создает риски нарушения конституционных прав граждан и злоупотребления правом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The subject. The article considers a constitutional-legal dispute on posthumous reproduction, which became the subject of consideration in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in 2024. On February 11, 2025, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation issued a decision recognizing that norms of the legislation on social security are violated the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This decision gives rise to a number of new legal problems in the field of constitutional, civil, inheritance, medical law and social security law. At present, there is no legislative regulation of posthumous reproduction in the Russian Federation.The purpose of the article:– to establish the presence or absence of positive obligations of the state in relation to the somatic right to reproductive choice;– to determine the presumption of consent or disagreement to posthumous reproduction;– to propose possible measures to prevent constitutional conflicts related to posthumous reproduction.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods, method of constitutional conflict diagnosis. In addition to this, historical method was also applicable. The article also uses a comparative legal method to analyze the legislation and practice of foreign countries such as the USA, France and Japan.Main results. The author proposes to eliminate the legislative gap by establishing at the statutory level a presumption of consent or disagreement in accordance with the following legislative formulas:– presumption of consent: posthumous reproduction using the sex cells (or embryos created with their help) of a deceased person is not permitted if the medical organization was informed at the time of using the relevant assisted reproductive technologies that the person, during his or her lifetime, declared his or her disagreement with the use of his or her sex cells (or embryos created with their help) for the purpose of procreation after death;– presumption of disagreement: posthumous reproduction using the sex cells (or embryos created with their help) of a deceased person is permitted only if the medical organization has, at the time of using the relevant assisted reproductive technologies, a written expression of the person's will, given during his or her lifetime, of consent to the use of his or her sex cells (or embryos created with their help) after death for the purpose of procreation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Конституционный конфликт</kwd><kwd>посмертная репродукция</kwd><kwd>право на репродуктивный выбор</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>презумпция согласия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Constitutional conflict</kwd><kwd>posthumous reproduction</kwd><kwd>right to reproductive choice</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>presumption of consent</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Третьяк И. А. Конституционно-правовые аспекты посмертной репродукции в России и зарубежных странах / И. А. Третьяк // Правоприменение. – 2024. – Т. 8, № 4. – С. 44–53. – DOI: 10.52468/2542-1514.2024.8(4).44-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tretiak I.A. Constitutional aspects of posthumous reproduction in Russia and foreign countries. Pravoprimenenie = Law Enforcement Review, 2024, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 44–53. DOI: 10.52468/2542-1514.2024.8(4).44-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хапсирокова Е. А. Защита прав человека в области биомедицинских экспериментальных исследований / Е. А. Хапсирокова // Законодательство. – 2020. – № 5. – С. 44–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khapsirokova E.A. Human rights protection in sphere of experimental biomedical research. Zakonodatel’stvo, 2020, no. 5, pp. 44–49. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бибик О. Н. Время жизни как ключевой фактор, детерминирующий поведение человека / О. Н. Бибик // Вестник Омского университета. Серия «Право». – 2022. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 35–47. – DOI: 10.24147/1990-5173.2022.19(3).35-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bibik O.N. Time of life as a key factor, determining human behavior. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya “Pravo” = Herald of Omsk University. Series “Law”, 2022, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 35–47. DOI: 10.24147/1990-5173.2022.19(3).35-47. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петров Е. Ю. Сделки mortis causa / Е. Ю. Петров // Частное право. Преодолевая испытания : к 60-летию Б. М. Гонгало : сб. ст. – М. : Статут, 2016. – С. 213–237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrov E.Yu. Transactions mortis causa, in: Chastnoe pravo. Preodolevaya ispytaniya, To the 60th anniversary of B.M. Gongalo, Moscow, Statut Publ., 2016, pp. 213–237. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путинцева Е. П. Распоряжения на случай смерти по законодательству Российской Федерации и Федеративной Республики Германии / Е. П. Путинцева. – М. : Статут, 2016. – 160 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putintseva E.P. Orders in case of death under the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany. Moscow, Statut Publ., 2016. 160 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киктенко К. Г. Цивилистические основания донорства / К. Г. Киктенко, А. А. Кирилина // Закон. – 2023. – № 8. – С. 179–207. – DOI: 10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-179-207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiktenko K.G., Kirilina A.A. Civil grounds for donation. Zakon, 2023, no. 8, pp. 179–207. DOI: 10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-179-207. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филиппова С. Ю. Распоряжения на случай смерти: опыт систематизации норм частного права / С. Ю. Филиппова // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 11. Право. – 2017. – № 4. – С. 29–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filippova S.Yu. Instructions in case of death: an experience of systematization of private law norms. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 11. Pravo = Moscow University Bulletin. Series 11. Law, 2017, no. 4, pp. 29–46. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Codrin C. A Comparative Inquiry Into The Legal Regime Of Mortis Causa Donations In Some Continental-European And Common Law Legal Systems / С. Codrin // Knowledge-Based Organization. – 2015. – Vol. 21, Iss. 2. – Р. 418–423. – DOI: 10.1515/kbo-2015-0071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Codrin C. A Comparative Inquiry Into The Legal Regime Of Mortis Causa Donations In Some Continental-European And Common Law Legal Systems. Knowledge-Based Organization, 2015, vol. 21, iss. 2, pp. 418–423. DOI: 10.1515/kbo-2015-0071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гончарова В. А. Посмертное донорство: в поисках оптимального правового регулирования / В. А. Гончарова // Законодательство. – 2022. – № 5. – С. 30–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goncharova V.A. Posthumous donation: in search of optimal legal regulation. Zakonodatel’stvo, 2022, no. 5, pp. 30–37. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бинэ Ж. Р. Презюмируемое согласие и выражение несогласия на посмертное изъятие органов во французском праве / Ж. Р. Бинэ // Прецеденты Европейского Суда по правам человека. – 2017. – № 9. – С. 32–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Binet J.R. Presumed consent and expression of disagreement to posthumous organ removal in French law. Pretsedenty Evropeiskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka, 2017, no. 9, pp. 32–45. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евдокимов В. Б. Право гражданина Российской Федерации на отказ от посмертного изъятия органов для трансплантации: правовые проблемы реализации / В. Б. Евдокимов, Т. А. Тухватулин // Актуальные проблемы российского права. – 2015. – № 1. – С. 59–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evdokimov V.B., Tukhvatullin T.A. Right of a citizen of the Russian Federation to refuse post-mortem removal of organs for transplanting purposes: legal problems of its implementation. Aktual’nye problemy rossiiskogo prava = Actual problems of Russian law, 2015, no. 1, pp. 59–63. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулицкая Л. И. Правовой режим органов, тканей, клеток и тела человека после смерти лица, не оставившего завещания / Л. И. Кулицкая // Власть закона. – 2016. – № 2. – С. 96–106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulitskaya L.I. Legal regime of human organs, tissues, cells and body after the death of the person without a will. Vlast’ zakona = The Power of law, 2016, no. 2, pp. 96–106. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гильфанова А. Ш. Правовые проблемы трансплантации органов и тканей человека в России и зарубежных странах / А. Ш. Гильфанова // Пробелы в российском законодательстве. – 2014. – № 5. – С. 172–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilifanova A.Sh. Legal problems of transplantation of human organs and tissues in Russia and foreign countries. Probely v rossiiskom zakonodatel’stve = Gaps in Russian legislation, 2014, no. 5, pp. 172–174. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Блохин П. Д. Структура основных прав и их правомерное ограничение: Российская конституционная модель / П. Д. Блохин // Закон. – 2022. – № 12. – С. 14–33. – DOI: 10.37239/0869-4400-2022-19-12-14-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blokhin P.D. The structure and lawful limitations upon fundamental rights: Russian constitutional model. Zakon, 2022, no. 12, pp. 14–33. DOI: 10.37239/0869-4400-2022-19-12-14-33. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бахин С. В. О классификации прав человека, провозглашенных в международных соглашениях / С. В. Бахин // Известия высших учебных заведений. Правоведение. – 1991. – № 2. – С. 41–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakhin S.V. On the classification of human rights as declared by international agreements. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Pravovedenie = Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Pravovedenie, 1991, no. 2, pp. 41–51. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гасанов К. К. Абсолютные права человека и ограничения прав / К. К. Гасанов, С. И. Вележев, В. А. Колокольцев, З. Л. Шхагапсоев, С. П. Сальников // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета МВД России. – 2003. – № 3 (19). – С. 54–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasanov K.K., Velezhev S.I., Kolokol'tsev V.A., Shkhagapsoev Z.L., Sal'nikov S.P. Absolute human rights and restrictions of rights. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta MVD Rossii = Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003, no. 3 (19), pp. 54–65. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вахрамеева Л. Н. Достоинство личности в системе прав человека: проблемы теории и правового регулирования / Л. Н. Вахрамеева // Юридическая наука и практика. – 2019. – Т. 15, № 2. – С. 117–122. – DOI: 10.25205/2542-0410-2019-15-2-117-122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vakhrameeva L.N. The Dignity of the Personality in the System of Human Rights: Problems of the Theory and Legal Regulation. Yuridicheskaya nauka i praktika = Juridical Science and Practice, 2019, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 117–122. DOI: 10.25205/2542-0410-2019-15-2-117-122. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simpson B. Making “bad” deaths “good”: the kinship consequences of posthumous conception / B. Simpson // Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. – 2001. – Vol. 7, Iss. 1. – Р. 1–18. – DOI: 10.1111/1467-9655.00047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simpson B. Making “bad” deaths “good”: the kinship consequences of posthumous conception. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 2001, vol. 7, iss. 1, pp. 1–18. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9655.00047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies H. Sharing Surnames: Children, Family and Kinship / Н. Davies // Sociology. – 2011. – Vol. 45, Iss. 4. – Р. 554–569. – DOI: 10.1177/0038038511406600.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies H. Sharing Surnames: Children, Family and Kinship. Sociology, 2011, vol. 45, iss. 4. pp. 554–569. DOI: 10.1177/0038038511406600.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simana S. Creating life after death: should posthumous reproduction be legally permissible without the deceased's prior consent? / S. Simana // Journal of Law and the Biosciences. – 2018. – Vol. 5, Iss. 2. – P. 329–354. – DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsy017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simana S. Creating life after death: should posthumous reproduction be legally permissible without the deceased's prior consent?. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 2018, vol. 5, iss. 2, pp. 329–354. DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsy017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahluwalia U. Posthumous Reproduction and Its Legal Perspective / U. Ahluwalia, А. Mala // International Journal of Infertility and Fetal Medicine. – 2011. – Vol. 2, No. 1. – Р. 9–14. – DOI: 10.5005/JP-JOURNALS-10016-1010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahluwalia U., Arora M. Posthumous Reproduction and Its Legal Perspective. International Journal of Infertility and Fetal Medicine, 2011, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9–14. DOI: 10.5005/JP-JOURNALS-10016-1010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алейникова В. В. Постмортальные дети в семейном и наследственном праве: «Быть или не быть, вот в чем вопрос...» / В. В. Алейникова // Закон. – 2023. – № 4. – С. 137–157. – DOI: 10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-4-137-157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleynikova V.V. Posthumously conceived children in family and inheritance law: “To be, or not to be, that is the question...”. Zakon, 2023, no. 4, pp. 137–157. DOI: 10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-4-137-157. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долинская В. В. Охрана наследственных прав несовершеннолетних / В. В. Долинская // Законы России: опыт, анализ, практика. – 2023. – № 6. – С. 12–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolinskaya V.V. Protection of the hereditary rights of minors. Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika, 2023, no. 6, pp. 12–17. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Третьяк И. А. Предупреждение и разрешение конституционно-правовых конфликтов: понятие и способы / И. А. Третьяк // Правоприменение. – 2019. – Т. 3, № 4. – С. 30–41. – DOI: 10.24147/2542-1514.2019. 3(4).30-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tretyak I.A. Prevention and resolution of constitutional conflicts: concept and methods. Pravoprimenenie = Law Enforcement Review, 2019, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 30–41. DOI: 10.24147/2542-1514.2019.3(4).30-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
