pravoПравоприменениеLaw Enforcement Review2542-15142658-4050Dostoevsky Omsk State University10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(1).134-149pravo-604Research ArticleПРИМЕНЕНИЕ НОРМ ПРАВА ОРГАНАМИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ВЛАСТИTHE LAW ENFORCEMENT BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIESАктуальные вопросы реализации и защиты прав человека в практике применения технологии смарт-контрактаTopical issues of the realization and protection of human rights in the practice of smart contract technology applicationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-8055КузнецоваС. С.KuznetsovaS. S.

Кузнецова Светлана Сергеевна – кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры конституционного права, SPIN-код РИНЦ: 3387-9420; AuthorID: 804404.

620137, Екатеринбург, ул. Комсомольская, 21

Svetlana S. Kuznetsova – PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Department of Constitutional Law, RSCI SPIN-code: 3387-9420; AuthorID: 804404.

21, Komsomol’skaya ul., Yekaterinburg, 620137

kss001@usla.ruУральский государственный юридический университетРоссияUral State Law UniversityRussian Federation20222403202261134149Copyright © Кузнецова С.С., 20222022Кузнецова С.С.Kuznetsova S.S.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://enforcement.omsu.ru/jour/article/view/604

Проанализированы подходы к технологии смарт-контракта, получившие отражение в научной литературе и законодательстве России и зарубежных стран, сформулированы преимущества и недостатки смарт-контракта, оказывающие воздействие на реализацию и защиту отдельных конституционных прав, в том числе свободы договора, права на защиту, права на управление персональными данными. Проанализирована практика правового регулирования смарт-контрактов в отдельных странах, направленная на минимизацию негативных последствий применения технологии. Сделан вывод о том, что эффективное внедрение технологии смарт-контрактов в различные сферы жизни общества требует формирования общих правовых принципов их применения, определения сфер, в которых применение смарт-контрактов запрещено, а также разработки международных стандартов их безопасного исполнения.

The subject and the aim of the study. The article analyzes the approach to smart contract technology, which is reflected in the scientific literature and legislation of Russia and foreign countries, formulates the advantages and disadvantages of a smart contract that affect the implementation and protection of certain constitutional rights, including freedom of contract, the right to protect, the right to manage personal data.

Methodology

Methodology. Guided by formal dogmatic and comparative law methods in research, the author formulates approaches to the concept of a smart contract that has been developed in the practice of foreign countries and deduces how each of the approaches affects the implementation of constitutional human rights. The paper notes that the use of a smart contract based on the federal blockchain does not allow the full implementation of such rights as freedom of contract, the right to self-defense, and the right to manage personal data. In addition, the transnational nature of smart contracts usage, their pseudonymity and failure to unified concept of legal regulation create obstacles to the effective implementation of the right to judicial protection.

The main results

The main results. The practice of legal regulation of smart contracts in foreign countries, aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the use of technology is considered. Some countries follow to the concept of recognizing a smart contract as a form of contract (Italy, United States, Republic of Belarus) and a way of guaranteeing fulfilment of obligations (China, Italy, Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation). The second concept is considered as being the most restrictive for digital progress from one side but being able to guarantee protection of human rights such as right to judicial protection or freedom of contract. The first concept which shows smart contract being a type of contract carries additional risks associated with conclusion of a treaty - inconsistency of the smart contract with the actual will of the parties. The third concept considered smart contract as a type of contract is accepted in the Republic of Malta. The Republic of Malta regulated procedure of voluntary certification for smart contracts that allow to eliminate such threats as violation of human rights and the use of smart contracts for criminal purposes. The experience of legal regulation of smart contracts in the Republic of Malta is recognized as reasonable and effective, however, it is concluded that certification will achieve its goals only if it will be implemented in the legal system of wide range of the countries.

Conclusions

Conclusions. It is concluded that despite the fact that the smart contract technology has high potential for its implementation in various fields of social and economic life, the effective implementation of smart contract technology in various spheres of society requires the formation of general legal principles for their application, the definition of areas in which the use of smart contracts is prohibited, as well as the development of international standards for their safe execution.

Блокчейнсмарт-контрактсвобода договораволя индивидаправо на защитуперсональные данныеинтернет вещейдоговорBlockchainsmart contractfreedom of contractindividual’s willright to protectionpersonal datainternet of thingscontractИсследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта 18-29-16204 «Правовая модель реализации и защиты прав и свобод человека в сети Интернет»The study was funded with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for the project 18-29-16204 “The Legal Model of Realisation and Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms in the Internet”ReferencesSzabo N. Smart contracts: building blocks for digital markets / N. Szabo // EXTROPY: The Journal of Transhumanist Thought. – 1996. – № 16. – Vol. 18, iss. 2. – P. 50–53, 61.Szabo N. Smart contracts: building blocks for digital markets. EXTROPY: The Journal of Transhumanist Thought, 1996, no. 16, vol. 8, iss. 1, pp. 50–53, 61.Salmerón-Manzano E. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.